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This makes targeting the Nrf2GPX4 pathway a highly promising and important direction for developing OA disease-modifying therapies (Figure 1)

Concurrently, accumulating evidence demonstrates that Ser637 phosphorylation participates in circadian regulation of mitochondrial fission (Serasinghe and Chipuk, 2017), highlighting the need for systematic elucidation of its spatiotemporal regulatory mechanisms and precise molecular determinants governing mitochondrial fission dynamics

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Therefore, ALL of this requirement for choline can be effectively met by supplemental betaine

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