Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET, also known as Frster resonance energy transfer) is the radiationless transfer of energy from an excited donor fluorophore to a suitable acceptor fluorophore, a physical process that depends on spectral overlap and proper dipole alignment of the two fluorophores
CCO is the terminal enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) ( During PBM for KOA, this molecular cascade activates CCO in synovial macrophages, releasing NO that collectively restarts mitochondrial respiration and initiates downstream signalling networks ( Figures 1 , 2 )
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Researchers handle the compound following institutional safety protocols, chemical handling guidelines, and approved standard operating procedures to minimize risk and ensure experimental integrity
