At present, there are four kinds of western medicines used clinically to treat RA: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids, anti-rheumatic drugs and biological agents
Dysbiosis, through the lack of appropriate immunoregulatory and barrier factors, such as, e.g., short-chain fatty acids, causes inappropriate activation of the immune system, resulting in epithelial inflammation, epithelial barrier damage and disease development [55, 57,58,59,60,61]
Ethics declarations Ethics Approval All experiments were approved by the local Ethics Committee (#038/2019) and were conducted following national and international legislation including the Brazilian College of Animal Experimentation (COBEA) and the US Public Health Services Policy on Human Care and Use of Laboratory Animals-PHS Policy
Preferential tissue distribution to kidneys, liver, and gastrointestinal tract aligns with observed therapeutic effects in animal studies
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