Insulin resistance in adipose tissue, which is often related to obesity, compromises the inhibitory effects of insulin on adipose tissue lipolysis, leading to increased free fatty acids (FFAs) in portal circulation 4,5,6
None has been shown to have the claimed effects in humans, and the medicines regulator warns they carry real risks
Most patients report initial improvements in clarity and focus within 2 to 4 weeks
All preclinical safety information comes from animal studies, which may not fully predict human responses
Alternative therapies such as healthier diets, exercise, meditation and so forth may hold some benefit and are certainly unlikely to do much harm, but there are no alternative therapies we are aware of with a body of research evidence behind them