More recent studies, performed by Zouhayr et al., showed many neurological improvements after treatment with hydroxicobalamin (Hdrx) to patients suffering from neurological disorders due to vitamin B12 deficiency (82)
Multiple cellular processes are considered to contribute to this functional decline and these are collectively referred to as the hallmarks of aging and these include processes like genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, disabled macroautophagy, deregulated nutrient-sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, altered intercellular communication, chronic inflammation, and dysbiosis 1
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This is a common source of confusion