Free radicals are unstable and highly reactive molecules generated from natural metabolic processes and external toxins like smoking, pollution, and ultraviolet light, says Jim Staheli, D.O., Medical Director at both Hone Health and Broad Health
NAD+/NADH ratio assays, SIRT1 activity assays, and mitochondrial respiration measurements (such as oxygen consumption rate via extracellular flux analysis) are standard methods for studying this combination's proposed effects in cell-based models, typically comparing single-compound and combined-compound treatment conditions against untreated controls
Upper Arm Less frequently used, but still could be chosen Technique Tips: Inject in the back upper arm in the fleshy area
Neurotransmitter Modulation
Schoenenberger, P., Monnier, M., & Gaillard, R