vitamin C), antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx), DNA repair (47 active genes), and neurotrophic factors
To corroborate our IHC data, western blotting experiments for TNF- and IL-1 showed that their expressions were significantly increased after FA injection, which were alleviated by LA supplementation but without significant difference between the two dose groups, shown in Figure 3
Together, these results suggested to us the possibility that NAC-induced roGFP2 oxidation is caused by sulfane sulfur (S 0 ) species created inside mitochondria, based on the following consideration (summarized in Figure 1E): It is known that H 2 S is very efficiently oxidized by sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQR) to yield hydropersulfides inside the mitochondrial matrix (Libiad et al., 2014)
A minimum three-hour fasting window before injection is critical
The clinical relevance of this axis is further supported by epidemiological evidence: a prospective cohort study demonstrated that teat skin condition was directly associated with clinical mastitis occurrence, with combined dry skin and skin lesions conferring nearly five-fold higher odds of clinical mastitis compared with normal teat skin 188 , underscoring teat skin integrity as a critical determinant of mammary health along this axis