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PMCID: PMC6073405

A comprehensive 2021 review by Seiwerth and colleagues in Frontiers in Pharmacology surveyed BPC-157 across wound healing contexts including skin, cornea, muscle, tendon, and ligament

With histidine as buffer and sorbitol as tonicity agent, the preferred HP-B-CD molar substitution range was widened to an average of 0.62-0.92 (or a total of 0.58-1 .0)

doi: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2005.08.017

5 In a study examining BPC-157's effects on in vitro wound healing using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), treatment with BPC-157 at concentrations of 10 -9 to 10 -7 M significantly accelerated scratch-wound closure compared to vehicle-treated controls, with accompanying increases in VEGFR2 phosphorylation the primary signaling receptor through which VEGF drives endothelial proliferation and migration