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Probiotics for the treatment of depressive symptoms: an anti-inflammatory mechanism

PDTC is a nonthiol antioxidant that affects redox potential by scavenging radical species (a reduction property) and directly oxidizing glutathione and related thiols (an oxidation property) [14, 79, 113]

An emerging concept is that cardiolipin migration to the outer membrane of the mitochondrion is the trigger that induces misfolding into soluble oligomers of various proteins present in the cytoplasm

rather, higher baseline bile acid levels correlate with slower atrophy, and a small randomized TUDCA study established safety and biologic target engagement without demonstrable clinical or imaging efficacy [208]

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