According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, this absorption failure makes B12 injections the primary and most effective treatment, as they deliver the nutrient directly where your body can use it, bypassing the digestive system entirely
In one study of men being evaluated for concerns around fertility, those with lower B12 levels also tended to have lower testosterone
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Those with plasma B12 levels above 813 pg/mL (600 pmol/L) had a 1.74 to 4.72 times higher risk of being diagnosed with cancer within one year compared to those with levels in the normal range
[124] Other causes of B 12 malabsorption include bariatric surgery, pancreatic insufficiency, obstructive jaundice, tropical sprue, celiac disease, inherited intrinsic factor deficiency, and radiation enteritis affecting the distal ileum