In lab and clinical research, its been observed to activate fibroblasts (the cells that produce collagen), increase glycosaminoglycan synthesis (which helps skin retain water), modulate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs, the enzymes that break down old tissue), and act as a copper cofactor in antioxidant pathways
Without the preservative you lose the multi-withdrawal sterility that reconstitution work depends on.
It is a well-characterized, mechanistically specific peptide with a 30-year research history, a strong clinical safety record from formal trials, and modest but real efficacy data from 12-week studies
[Revised in November 2018] [Accessed on 4th November 2022] 8
For a detailed breakdown, the National Institutes of Health provides a great list of B12-rich foods that can help you make informed choices at the grocery store