Presl), rich in terpenoids and glycosides, improves insulin sensitivity, regulates menstrual cycles, and modulates glucose metabolism ( Berberis aristata Lindl.) provides berberine, which lowers leptin levels, improves insulin resistance, reduces oxidative stress, and supports lipid metabolism ( Vitex agnus-castus L.) contains agnuside and flavonoids that restore menstrual regularity and enhance fertility outcomes by modulating prolactin and estrogen balance ( Curcuma longa L.), which contains curcumin, luteolin, and apigenin, lowers androgen levels, increases estrogen, and provides strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects ( Urtica dioica L.) supplies flavonoids, polyphenols, and sterols that reduce hirsutism, regulate inflammatory markers, and exert antioxidant activity ( Mentha sp icata L.), fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), parsley ( Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym.), green tea ( Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze), ginger ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe), licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra L.), black seed ( Nigella sativa L.), pomegranate ( Punica granatum L.), and raspberry ( Rubus idaeus L.) have also been documented to exert diverse benefits including anti-androgenic effects, improved ovarian function, enhanced insulin sensitivity, reduced ovarian volume, lipid metabolism regulation, and restoration of endocrine balance ( Table 2 Herbs/botanicals, natural bio-actives, and their pharmacodynamic action in PCOS management
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GSTO-1 is member of Phase II enzymes that catalyze glutathione-dependent antioxidant pathways (Fig 1)
1 Asepsis Disinfect surfaces and stoppers (70% alcohol)
Approaches include redox interactions with high-valent metal ions (like Cu 2 and Fe 3 ), suppression of GSH synthesis using agents such as BSO, the use of nanozymes that mimic enzymatic activity, and direct GSH neutralization through molecular binding [18]
