According to British Society for Haematology (BSH) guidelines and NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries (CKS), the primary beneficiaries include: Key patient groups who may require B12 injections include: Pernicious anaemia patients requiring lifelong hydroxocobalamin 1mg intramuscularly every 23 months following initial loading doses Patients with gastrointestinal disorders including those who have undergone gastrectomy or ileal resection, and patients with conditions affecting B12 absorption such as Crohn's disease or coeliac disease Strict vegans and vegetarians though oral supplementation is usually sufficient unless malabsorption is present Elderly patients who may have reduced gastric acid production affecting B12 absorption Patients taking certain medications including metformin (MHRA advises monitoring B12 levels in long-term users, particularly those with risk factors or symptoms), proton pump inhibitors, and H2-receptor antagonists long-term [6] Individuals with neurological symptoms such as paraesthesia, ataxia, or cognitive impairment related to B12 deficiency Pregnant women with confirmed deficiency (hydroxocobalamin for malabsorption
doi: 10.1186/s13045-023-01512-7 93 LiuM.MaS.ZhiJ.WangM.XuY.KimY
Pickart & Margolina 2014 Chelates free copper, reduces oxidative damage, and upregulates superoxide dismutase the body's primary antioxidant enzyme
Recent research has shown that regulating these intratumoral microenvironments (excess H 2 O 2 and GSH) holds potential for enhancing cancer treatments (207)
Because many mitochondrial metabolites are cofactors for epigenetic regulators, mitochondrial stress is thought to drive aging-associated epigenetic drift in stem cells 41,56
