Not in a phase 1 safety trial
UDCA enhances bile flow, reduces hydrophobic bile acid toxicity, and upregulates extrahepatic UGT1A1 expression, thereby promoting bilirubin conjugation and excretion
Ethics declarations Competing interests Patrick F Sullivan was on the SAB of Expression Analysis (Durham, NC, USA)
Kraft VAN, Bezjian CT, Pfeiffer S, Ringelstetter L, Mller C, Zandkarimi F, Merl-Pham J, Bao X, Anastasov N, Kssl J, et al
The drugs have made their way into doping cases in track and field, cycling and soccer and eventually into neighborhood gyms, where weightlifters and other hardcore hobbyists have an unproven faith that peptides help with everything from tanning, to life extension, to enhancing sexual performance, to building muscle and healing sports injuries