Their formation begins when macrophages and dendritic cells recognize antigens via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), triggering the secretion of cytokines (e.g., TNF-, IL-1, IL-6, IL-12) and chemokines (e.g., CXCL9, CXCL10, CCL2), these mediators promote macrophage recruitment and aggregation to form the granuloma core (41)
This agrees with Chuah and Thng who used dermoscopy, woods light and microscopy in his study
So there's
While -MSH has 13 amino acids, KPV comprises just the final threeyet retains potent anti-inflammatory activity without the melanogenic (tanning) effects of the full peptide
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