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The key pathways including lipotoxicity and oxidative stress (involving NLRP3 inflammasome, MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and RAAS signaling), inflammation (via NF-B, NLRP3 inflammasome, JAK-STAT, Toll-like receptor, and cGAS-STING pathways), and fibrosis/ECM production (driven by TGF-, Wnt, RAAS, and Notch signaling) have been identified and reported in CKD progression [235]
This delivery method protects the nutrient from stomach acid, ensuring higher bioavailability and better absorption into the bloodstream compared to standard pills
Several characterization methods used for fungal antioxidants are also elaborated, followed by their therapeutic applications in various health treatments
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