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Excise duties serve multiple purposes: generating significant revenue for the Treasury (approximately 8.8 billion annually from tobacco products) while simultaneously discouraging consumption through price deterrence

Tax Office analysis estimates the size of the illicit market was at least $2.3 billion in 2021/22, around 13 per cent of the tobacco market

It is also important to consider the sensitivity of the testing method used

Availability of data and materials The datasets generated or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request

the names at the top rarely change year over year, and that consistency is itself a signal worth trusting