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Let's look at stress response since this is key to the damage done to astrocytes

321,336 Altered phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate proteins, particularly IRS-1 and IRS-2, is implicated in neuronal insulin resistance, 20,337 which impairs insulins neurotrophic effects, leading to reduced neurite outgrowth and increased vulnerability to injury

breaks down the basics in more detail

In a 6-month study of people with diabetes, those who received 500 mg of glutathione daily showed improved levels of beneficial bacteria and a reduced load of pathogenic bacteria in their guts

Sato T, Vries RG, Snippert HJ, van de Wetering M, Barker N, Stange DE, van Es JH, Abo A, Kujala P, Peters PJ, Clevers H (2009) Single Lgr5 stem cells build crypt-villus structures in vitro without a mesenchymal niche