It is characterized by positive symptoms, such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech, and negative symptoms, including blunted affect, reduced motivation, and poor social relationships.1 In addition, studies have consistently identified neurocognitive deficits as clinically relevant core features that affect 75% to 85% of schizophrenia patients and that may serve as critical indices of social functioning, treatment strategies, and functional outcomes.2 Neurocognitive dysfunction is observed across several domains, including working memory, attention, executive function, response inhibition, and processing speed.3 Approximately 50% of patients with schizophrenia will have a comorbid lifetime substance use disorder.4 Tobacco and cannabis are the most commonly used substances among these patients.5 The presence of a substance use disorder has been associated with alterations in neurocognitive performance.5,6 While previous studies have found positive effects of nicotine and tobacco smoking on neurocognition in schizophrenia, the effects of cannabis on neurocognitive function in schizophrenia are inconsistent and inconclusive.7,8 The aim of this article is to evaluate the effects of nicotine and cannabis on neurocognitive function in individuals with schizophrenia and to review potential pharmacological treatment strategies
Serum samples were obtained by allowing each blood sample to clot, followed by centrifugation and collection of the supernatant
F = Females
embassy in Hanoi for including the Philip Morris tobacco company in a trade mission with the Vietnamese prime minister
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